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শুক্রবার, ৭ সেপ্টেম্বর, ২০১২

The wave energy resource.. SEA Based


The wave energy resource
Of the 173,000 TW of solar power arriving at the earth’s atmosphere, 114,000 TW is absorbed in the atmosphere, oceans and the earth’s surface. About 1200 TW of this thermal energy is then converted into the kinetic energy of the wind.

The shearing action of the wind on the surface of the ocean generates currents and waves, involving energy transfer at a rate of around 3 TW. Thus only a tiny fraction of solar radiation is eventually converted into ocean-wave energy. Nevertheless, ocean waves represent a very intense renewable energy resource and the World Energy Council estimates the available energy to be multiple of today’s global electrical energy needs.



Sigma is promoting a patented technology that is based on a simple, effective concept which has minimum impact on the environment, can be used in wave fields as small as one meter, is modular allowing sizing and number of units to suit specific requirements, and also need minimum maintenance.
The entire device consists of the offshore section that includes a wave driven cylindrical float, a hydraulic piston and the anchoring system, in conjuction with the shore section that uses the energy to produce water or electricity, or both.

Wave Energy Converter 

with a user friendly design that maximizes simplicity,
  • low cost to manufacture,
  • low running / maintenance costs,
  • seaworthy, suitable for weathering the worst conditions
  • operates in a variety of sea conditions and wave directions, even with small waves
  • it is modular and the production rate can easily be increased with additional units
  • clean source of energy
  • no offshore electrical components
  • minimal offshore aesthetic impact
  • can be used to desalinate water or to generate electricity
  
The rising and falling of the waves cause a reciprocating motion of the hydraulic piston due to the buoyancy of the float. Thus, seawater is pressurised and conveyed through a pipeline to a pressure accumulator in the shore section, which regulates sea water pressure and flow in order to be stable. This pressurised water can then be channeled either for desalination through R.O. or for electricity through a hydroelectric turbine.
It is designed for the harsh conditions found at sea with proven mechanical strength in lengthy sea trials, and can continue operating even under storm conditions no matter how high the waves are, as the only thing that can happen is simply for the float to be covered by the water. Its exceptional ability to make use of the smallest waves to provide fresh water also stand out.
It must be mentioned that by having the production section onshore, maintenance costs are minimised, as it is faster and cheaper to do regular maintenance on land and wear & tear is also less than if it was offshore.
Whether the need is permanent or temporary, its modular design is ideal for providing an autonomous solution for any application , such as community drinking water, bottled water, farming, industry, Hotels,  pumping water, fisheries, cooling water, humidity production, air conditioning, swiming pools, seawater agriculture, or even personal use.
এর দ্বারা পোস্ট করা এই সময়ে কোন মন্তব্য নেই:

Wave Energy (sea Based)

Wave power

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This article is about transport and capture of energy in ocean waves. For other aspects of waves in the ocean, see Wind wave. For other uses of wave or waves, see Wave (disambiguation).
Renewable energy
Wind turbine
Biofuel
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydroelectricity
Solar energy
Tidal power
Wave power
Wind power
Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work – for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water (into reservoirs). Machinery able to exploit wave power is generally known as a wave energy converter (WEC).
Wave power is distinct from the diurnal flux of tidal power and the steady gyre of ocean currents. Wave-power generation is not currently a widely employed commercial technology, although there have been attempts to use it since at least 1890.[1] In 2008, the first experimental wave farm was opened in Portugal, at the Aguçadoura Wave Park.[2]

Contents

Physical concepts

When an object bobs up and down on a ripple in a pond, it experiences an elliptical trajectory.
Motion of a particle in an ocean wave.
A = At deep water. The orbital motion of fluid particles decreases rapidly with increasing depth below the surface.
B = At shallow water (ocean floor is now at B). The elliptical movement of a fluid particle flattens with decreasing depth.
1 = Propagation direction.
2 = Wave crest.
3 = Wave trough.
Photograph of the water particle orbits under a – progressive and periodic – surface gravity wave in a wave flume. The wave conditions are: mean water depth d = 2.50 ft (0.76 m), wave height H = 0.339 ft (0.103 m), wavelength λ = 6.42 ft (1.96 m), period T = 1.12 s.[3]
See energy, power and work for more information on these important physical concepts. see wind wave for more information on ocean waves.
Waves are generated by wind passing over the surface of the sea. As long as the waves propagate slower than the wind speed just above the waves, there is an energy transfer from the wind to the waves. Both air pressure differences between the upwind and the lee side of a wave crest, as well as friction on the water surface by the wind, making the water to go into the shear stress causes the growth of the waves.[4]
Wave height is determined by wind speed, the duration of time the wind has been blowing, fetch (the distance over which the wind excites the waves) and by the depth and topography of the seafloor (which can focus or disperse the energy of the waves). A given wind speed has a matching practical limit over which time or distance will not produce larger waves. When this limit has been reached the sea is said to be "fully developed".
In general, larger waves are more powerful but wave power is also determined by wave speed, wavelength, and water density.
Oscillatory motion is highest at the surface and diminishes exponentially with depth. However, for standing waves (clapotis) near a reflecting coast, wave energy is also present as pressure oscillations at great depth, producing microseisms.[4] These pressure fluctuations at greater depth are too small to be interesting from the point of view of wave power.
The waves propagate on the ocean surface, and the wave energy is also transported horizontally with the group velocity. The mean transport rate of the wave energy through a vertical plane of unit width, parallel to a wave crest, is called the wave energy flux (or wave power, which must not be confused with the actual power generated by a wave power device).

Wave power formula

In deep water where the water depth is larger than half the wavelength, the wave energy flux is[A 1]
P = \frac{\rho g^2}{64\pi} H_{m0}^2 T \approx \left(0.5 \frac{\text{kW}}{\text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}} \right) H_{m0}^2\; T,
with P the wave energy flux per unit of wave-crest length, Hm0 the significant wave height, T the wave period, ρ the water density and g the acceleration by gravity. The above formula states that wave power is proportional to the wave period and to the square of the wave height. When the significant wave height is given in meters, and the wave period in seconds, the result is the wave power in kilowatts (kW) per meter of wavefront length.[5][6][7]
Example: Consider moderate ocean swells, in deep water, a few kilometers off a coastline, with a wave height of 3 meters and a wave period of 8 seconds. Using the formula to solve for power, we get
P \approx 0.5 \frac{\text{kW}}{\text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}} (3 \cdot \text{m})^2 (8 \cdot \text{s}) \approx 36 \frac{\text{kW}}{\text{m}},
meaning there are 36 kilowatts of power potential per meter of wave crest.
In major storms, the largest waves offshore are about 15 meters high and have a period of about 15 seconds. According to the above formula, such waves carry about 1.7 MW of power across each meter of wavefront.
An effective wave power device captures as much as possible of the wave energy flux. As a result the waves will be of lower height in the region behind the wave power device.

Wave energy and wave-energy flux

In a sea state, the average energy density per unit area of gravity waves on the water surface is proportional to the wave height squared, according to linear wave theory:[4][8]
E=\frac{1}{16}\rho g H_{m0}^2, [A 2][9]
where E is the mean wave energy density per unit horizontal area (J/m2), the sum of kinetic and potential energy density per unit horizontal area. The potential energy density is equal to the kinetic energy,[4] both contributing half to the wave energy density E, as can be expected from the equipartition theorem. In ocean waves, surface tension effects are negligible for wavelengths above a few decimetres.
As the waves propagate, their energy is transported. The energy transport velocity is the group velocity. As a result, the wave energy flux, through a vertical plane of unit width perpendicular to the wave propagation direction, is equal to:[10][4]
P = E\, c_g, \, \
with cg the group velocity (m/s). Due to the dispersion relation for water waves under the action of gravity, the group velocity depends on the wavelength λ, or equivalently, on the wave period T. Further, the dispersion relation is a function of the water depth h. As a result, the group velocity behaves differently in the limits of deep and shallow water, and at intermediate depths:[4][8]

Deep-water characteristics and opportunities

Deep water corresponds with a water depth larger than half the wavelength, which is the common situation in the sea and ocean. In deep water, longer-period waves propagate faster and transport their energy faster. The deep-water group velocity is half the phase velocity. In shallow water, for wavelengths larger than about twenty times the water depth, as found quite often near the coast, the group velocity is equal to the phase velocity.[11]

History

The first known patent to use energy from ocean waves dates back to 1799 and was filed in Paris by Girard and his son.[12] An early application of wave power was a device constructed around 1910 by Bochaux-Praceique to light and power his house at Royan, near Bordeaux in France.[13] It appears that this was the first oscillating water-column type of wave-energy device.[14] From 1855 to 1973 there were already 340 patents filed in the UK alone.[12]
Modern scientific pursuit of wave energy was pioneered by Yoshio Masuda's experiments in the 1940s.[15] He has tested various concepts of wave-energy devices at sea, with several hundred units used to power navigation lights. Among these was the concept of extracting power from the angular motion at the joints of an articulated raft, which was proposed in the 1950s by Masuda.[16]
A renewed interest in wave energy was motivated by the oil crisis in 1973. A number of university researchers re-examined the potential to generate energy from ocean waves, among whom notably were Stephen Salter from the University of Edinburgh, Kjell Budal and Johannes Falnes from Norwegian Institute of Technology (now merged into Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Michael E. McCormick from U.S. Naval Academy, David Evans from Bristol University, Michael French from University of Lancaster, John Newman and Chiang C. Mei from MIT.
Stephen Salter's 1974 invention became known as Salter's duck or nodding duck, although it was officially referred to as the Edinburgh Duck. In small scale controlled tests, the Duck's curved cam-like body can stop 90% of wave motion and can convert 90% of that to electricity giving 81% efficiency.[17]
In the 1980s, as the oil price went down, wave-energy funding was drastically reduced. Nevertheless, a few first-generation prototypes were tested at sea. More recently, following the issue of climate change, there is again a growing interest worldwide for renewable energy, including wave energy.[18]

Modern technology

Wave power devices are generally categorized by the method used to capture the energy of the waves, by location and by the power take-off system. Method types are point absorber or buoy; surfacing following or attenuator oriented parallel to the direction of wave propagation; terminator, oriented perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation; oscillating water column; and overtopping. Locations are shoreline, nearshore and offshore. Types of power take-off include: hydraulic ram, elastomeric hose pump, pump-to-shore, hydroelectric turbine, air turbine,[19] and linear electrical generator. Some of these designs incorporate parabolic reflectors as a means of increasing the wave energy at the point of capture. These capture systems use the rise and fall motion of waves to capture energy.[20] Once the wave energy is captured at a wave source, power must be carried to the point of use or to a connection to the electrical grid by transmission power cables.[21] The table contains descriptions of some wave power systems:
Device Proponent Country of origin Capture method Location Power take off Year build Notes
PowerBuoy Ocean Power Technologies US Buoy Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 1997 In the United States, the Pacific Northwest Generating Cooperative is funding construction of a commercial wave-power park at Reedsport, Oregon that will utilize this technology which consists of modular, ocean-going buoys.[22] The rise and fall of the waves moves a rack and pinion within the buoy and spins a generator [23]. The electricity is transmitted to shore over a submerged transmission line. A 150 kW buoy has a diameter of 36 feet (11 m) and is 145 feet (44 m) tall, with approximately 30 feet of the unit rising above the ocean surface. Using a three-point mooring system, they are designed to be installed one to five miles (8 km) offshore in water 100 to 200 feet (60 m) deep.[24]
PB150 PowerBuoy with peak-rated power output of 150 kW.
Pelamis Wave Energy Converter Pelamis Wave Power UK (Scottish) Surface-following attenuator Offshore Hydraulic 1998 The Pelamis machine consists of a series of semi-submerged cylindrical sections linked by hinged joints. As waves pass along the length of the machine, the sections move relative to one another. The wave-induced motion of the sections is resisted by hydraulic cylinders which pump high pressure oil through hydraulic motors via smoothing hydraulic accumulators. The hydraulic motors drive electrical generators to produce electricity.[25] Pelamis Wave Power first tested and grid connected a Pelamis machine in 2004 at the European Marine Energy Center.[26] The first of a second generation of machines, the P2 started grid connected tests off Orkney in 2010, the machine is owned by E.ON.[27]
Pelamis prototype machine at EMEC, Scotland in 2004.
Wave Dragon Erik Friis-Madsen Denmark Surface-following attenuator Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2003 With the Wave Dragon wave energy converter large wing reflectors focus waves up a ramp into an offshore reservoir. The water returns to the ocean by the force of gravity via hydroelectric generators.
Wave Dragon seen from reflector, prototype 1:4½
Anaconda Wave Energy Converter Checkmate SeaEnergy.[25] UK Surface-following attenuator Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2008 In the early stages of development, the device is a 200 metres (660 ft) long rubber tube which is tethered underwater. Passing waves will instigate a wave inside the tube, which will then propagates down its walls, driving a turbine at the far end.[28][29]
AquaBuOY Finavera Wind Energy, later SSE Renewables Limited Ireland-Canada-Scotland Buoy Offshore xxx 2003 In 2009 Finavera Renewables surrendered its wave energy permits from FERC.[27] In July 2010 Finavera announced that it had entered into a definitive agreement to sell all assets and intellectual property related to the AquaBuOY wave energy technology.[30][31][32][33]
FlanSea (Flanders Electricity from the Sea) FlanSea Belgium Buoy Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2010 A point absorber buoy developed for use in the southern North Sea conditions.[31][32][33] It works by means of a cable that due to the bobbing effect of the buoy, generates electricity.[34][35][36]
SeaRaser Alvin Smith (Dartmouth Wave Energy) UK Buoy Nearshore Hydraulic ram 2008 Consisting of a piston pump(s) attached to the sea floor with a float (buoy) tethered to the piston. Waves cause the float to rise and fall, generating pressurized water, which is piped to resoviors onshore which then drive hydraulic generators.[37][38]
CETO Wave Power Carnegie Australia Buoy Offshore Pump-to-shore 1999 Currently being tested off Fremantle, Western Australia,[35] the device consists of a single piston pump attached to the sea floor with a float (buoy) tethered to the piston. Waves cause the float to rise and fall, generating pressurized water, which is piped to an onshore facility to drive hydraulic generators or run reverse osmosis water desalination.[39][40]
CETO Buoyant Actuator during the installation process
Unnamed Ocean Wave-Powered Generator SRI International US Buoy Offshore Electroactive polymer artificial muscle 2004 A type of wave buoys, built using special polymers, is being developed by Stanford Research Institute.[41][42]
Wavebob Wavebob Ireland Buoy Offshore Direct Drive Power Take off 1999 Wavebob have conducted some ocean trials, as well as extensive tank tests. It is an ccean-going heaving buoy, with a submerged tank which captures additional mass of seawater for added power and tunability, and as a safety feature (Tank "Venting")
Oyster wave energy converter Aquamarine Power UK (Scots-Irish) Oscillating wave surge converter Nearshore Pump-to-shore (hydro-electric turbine) 2005 The wave energy device captures the energy found in nearshore waves and converts it into electricity. The systems consists of a hinged mechanical flap connected to the seabed at around 10m depth. Each passing wave moves the flap which drives hydraulic pistons to deliver high pressure water via a pipeline to an onshore turbine which generates electricity. In November 2009, the first full-scale demonstrator Oyster began producing power when it was launched at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) on Orkney.[43]
OE buoy Ocean Energy Ireland Buoy Offshore xxx 2006 In September 2009 completed a 2-year sea trial in one quarter scale form. The OE buoy has only one moving part.[44]
Lysekil Project Uppsala University Sweden Buoy Offshore Linear generator 2002 Direct driven linear generator placed on the seabed. The generator is connected to a buoy at the surface via a line. The movements of the buoy will drive the translator in the generator. The advantage of this setup is a less complex mechanical system with potentially a smaller need for maintenance. One drawback is a more complicated electrical system.[45][46]
Oceanlinx Oceanlinx Australia Buoy Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 1997 An Australian firm is developing this deep-water technology to generate electricity from, ostensibly, easy-to-predict long-wavelength ocean swell oscillations. Oceanlinx recently began installation of a third and final demonstration-scale, grid-connected unit near Port Kembla, near Sydney, Australia, a 2.5 MWe system that is expected to go online in early 2010, when its power will be connected to the Australian grid. The company's much smaller first-generation prototype unit, in operation since 2006, was since disassembled.[47] In May 2010, the wave energy generator snapped from its mooring lines and wrecked on Port Kembla's eastern breakwater.[48]
SDE Sea Waves Power Plant SDE Energy Ltd. Israel Buoy Inshore Hydroelectric turbine xxx A breakwater-based wave energy converter, this device is built close to the shore and utilizes the vertical motion of buoys for creating hydraulic pressure which in turn operates the system's generators. In 2010 it began construction of a new 250 kWh model in the port of Jaffa, Tel Aviv and preparing to construct its standing orders for a 100 MWh power plants in the islands of Zanzibar and Kosrae, Micronesia.
WaveRoller AW-Energy Oy Finland Surface-following attenuator Offshore Pump-to-shore 1994 The WaveRoller is a plate anchored on the sea bottom by its lower part. The back and forth movement of surge moves the plate. The kinetic energy transferred to this plate is collected by a piston pump. Full-scale demonstration project built off Portugal in 2009.[49][50]
Wave Star Wave Star A/S Denmark Multi-point absorber Offshore Hydroelectric turbine 2000 The Wavestar machine draws energy from wave power with floats that rise and fall with the up and down motion of waves. The floats are attached by arms to a platform that stands on legs secured to the sea floor. The motion of the floats is transferred via hydraulics into the rotation of a generator, producing electricity. Wave Star have been testing a 1:10 machine since 2005 in Nissum Bredning, Denmark, it was taken out of duty in November 2011. A 1:2 Wave Star machine is place in Hanstholm which has produced electricity to the grid since September 2009.[51]
Islay LIMPET Islay LIMPET Scotland oscillating water column Onshore air turbine 1991 Islay LIMPET is a 500 kW shoreline device uses an oscillating water column to drive air in and out of a pressure chamber through a Wells turbine.[52][53][54] The chamber of the LIMPET is an inclined concrete tube with its opening below the water level. As external wave action causes the water level in the chamber to oscillate, the variation in water level alternately compresses and decompresses the trapped air above, causing air to flow backwards and forwards through a pair of contra-rotating turbines.
R38/50 kW, R115/150 kW 40South Energy UK Underwater attenuator Offshore Electrical conversion 2010 These machines work by extracting energy from the relative motion between one Upper Member and one Lower Member, following an innovative method which earned the company one UKTI Research & Development Award in 2011.[55] A first generation full scale prototype for this solution was tested offshore in 2010,[56][57][58] and a second generation full scale prototype was tested offshore during 2011.[59] In 2012 the first units were sold to clients in various countries, for delivery within the year.[60][61] The first reduced scale prototypes were tested offshore during 2007, but the company decided to remain in a "stealth mode" until May 2010[62] and is now recognized as one of the technological innovators in the sector.[63] The company initially considered installing at Wave Hub in 2012,[64] but that project is on hold for now. The R38/50 kW is rated at 50 kW while the R115/150 kW is rated at 150 kW.

Potential

The realistically usable worldwide resource has been estimated to be greater than 2 TW.[65][66] Locations with the most potential for wave power include the western seaboard of Europe, the northern coast of the UK, and the Pacific coastlines of North and South America, Southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The north and south temperate zones have the best sites for capturing wave power. The prevailing westerlies in these zones blow strongest in winter.

Challenges

There is a potential impact on the marine environment. Noise pollution, for example, could have negative impact if not monitored, although the noise and visible impact of each design varies greatly.[6] Other biophysical impacts (flora and fauna, sediment regimes and water column structure and flows) of scaling up the technology is being studied.[67] In terms of socio-economic challenges, wave farms can result in the displacement of commercial and recreational fishermen from productive fishing grounds, can change the pattern of beach sand nourishment, and may represent hazards to safe navigation.[68] Waves generate about 2,700 gigawatts of power. Of those 2,700 gigawatts, only about 500 gigawatts can be captured with the current technology.[20]

Wave farms

Main article: Wave farm
The Aguçadoura Wave Farm was the world's first wave farm. It was located 5 km (3 mi) offshore near Póvoa de Varzim north of Oporto in Portugal. The farm was designed to use three Pelamis wave energy converters to convert the motion of the ocean surface waves into electricity, totalling to 2.25 MW in total installed capacity. The farm first generated electricity in July 2008[69] and was officially opened on the 23rd of September 2008, by the Portuguese Minister of Economy.[70][71] The wave farm was shut down two months after the official opening in November 2008 as a result of the financial collapse of Babcock & Brown due to the global economic crisis. The machines were off-site at this time due to technical problems, and although resolved have not returned to site and were subsequently scrapped in 2011 as the technology had moved on to the P2 variant as supplied to Eon and Scottish Power Renewables.[72] A second phase of the project planned to increase the installed capacity to 21 MW using a further 25 Pelamis machines[73] is in doubt following Babcock's financial collapse.
Funding for a 3 MW wave farm in Scotland was announced on February 20, 2007 by the Scottish Executive, at a cost of over 4 million pounds, as part of a £13 million funding package for marine power in Scotland. The first of 66 machines was launched in May 2010.[74]
Funding has also been announced for the development of a Wave hub off the north coast of Cornwall, England. The Wave hub will act as giant extension cable, allowing arrays of wave energy generating devices to be connected to the electricity grid. The Wave hub will initially allow 20 MW of capacity to be connected, with potential expansion to 40 MW. Four device manufacturers have so far expressed interest in connecting to the Wave hub.[75][76]
The scientists have calculated that wave energy gathered at Wave Hub will be enough to power up to 7,500 households. Savings that the Cornwall wave power generator will bring are significant: about 300,000 tons of carbon dioxide in the next 25 years.[77]
A CETO wave farm off the coast of Western Australia has been operating to prove commercial viability and, after preliminary environmental approval, is poised for further development.[citation needed][78][79]

Patents

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The energy flux is P = \tfrac{1}{16} \rho g H_{m0}^2 c_g, with c_g the group velocity, see Herbich, John B. (2000). Handbook of coastal engineering. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. A.117, Eq. (12). ISBN 978-0-07-134402-9. The group velocity is c_g=\tfrac{g}{4\pi}T, see the collapsed table "Properties of gravity waves on the surface of deep water, shallow water and at intermediate depth, according to linear wave theory" in the section "Wave energy and wave energy flux" below.
  2. ^ For a small-amplitude sinusoidal wave \scriptstyle \eta=a\,\cos\, 2\pi\left(\frac{x}{\lambda}-\frac{t}{T}\right) with wave amplitude \scriptstyle a,\, the wave energy density per unit horizontal area is \scriptstyle E=\frac{1}{2}\rho g a^2, or \scriptstyle E=\frac{1}{8}\rho g H^2 using the wave height \scriptstyle H\,=\,2\,a\, for sinusoidal waves. In terms of the variance of the surface elevation \scriptstyle m_0=\sigma_\eta^2=\overline{(\eta-\bar\eta)^2}=\frac{1}{2}a^2, the energy density is \scriptstyle E=\rho g m_0\,. Turning to random waves, the last formulation of the wave energy equation in terms of \scriptstyle m_0\, is also valid (Holthuijsen, 2007, p. 40), due to Parseval's theorem. Further, the significant wave height is defined as \scriptstyle H_{m0}=4\sqrt{m_0}, leading to the factor 1⁄16 in the wave energy density per unit horizontal area.
  3. ^ For determining the group velocity the angular frequency ω is considered as a function of the wavenumber k, or equivalently, the period T as a function of the wavelength λ.

References

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  2. ^ Joao Lima. Babcock, EDP and Efacec to Collaborate on Wave Energy Projects Bloomberg, September 23, 2008.
  3. ^ Figure 6 from: Wiegel, R.L.; Johnson, J.W. (1950), "Elements of wave theory", Proceedings 1st International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Long Beach, California: ASCE, pp. 5–21
  4. ^ a b c d e f Phillips, O.M. (1977). The dynamics of the upper ocean (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29801-6.
  5. ^ "Wave Power". University of Strathclyde. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  6. ^ a b "Wave Energy Potential on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf" (PDF). United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
  7. ^ http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/04/24110728/10
  8. ^ a b Goda, Y. (2000). Random Seas and Design of Maritime Structures. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-02-3256-6.
  9. ^ Holthuijsen, Leo H. (2007). Waves in oceanic and coastal waters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86028-8.
  10. ^ Reynolds, O. (1877). "On the rate of progression of groups of waves and the rate at which energy is transmitted by waves". Nature 16: 343–44. Bibcode 1877Natur..16R.341.. doi:10.1038/016341c0.
    Lord Rayleigh (J. W. Strutt) (1877). "On progressive waves". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 9 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1112/plms/s1-9.1.21. Reprinted as Appendix in: Theory of Sound 1, MacMillan, 2nd revised edition, 1894.
  11. ^ R. G. Dean and R. A. Dalrymple (1991). Water wave mechanics for engineers and scientists. Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering. 2. World Scientific, Singapore. ISBN 978-981-02-0420-4. See page 64–65.
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  13. ^ "The Development of Wave Power" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  14. ^ Morris-Thomas et al.; Irvin, Rohan J.; Thiagarajan, Krish P. (2007). "An Investigation Into the Hydrodynamic Efficiency of an Oscillating Water Column". Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 129 (4): 273–278. doi:10.1115/1.2426992.
  15. ^ "Wave Energy Research and Development at JAMSTEC". Archived from the original on July 1, 2008. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  16. ^ Farley, F. J. M. and Rainey, R. C. T. (2006). "Radical design options for wave-profiling wave energy converters". International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies. Loughborough. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
  17. ^ "Edinburgh Wave Energy Project" (PDF). University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
  18. ^ Falnes, J. (2007). "A review of wave-energy extraction". Marine Structures 20 (4): 185–201. doi:10.1016/j.marstruc.2007.09.001.
  19. ^ Embedded Shoreline Devices and Uses as Power Generation Sources Kimball, Kelly, November 2003
  20. ^ a b McCormick, Michael E., and R. Cengiz Ertekin. Mechanical Engineering-CIME 131.5 (2009): 36. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. October 5, 2009.
  21. ^ Underwater Cable an Alternative to Electrical Towers, Matthew L. Wald, New York Times, 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
  22. ^ "Agreement to Develop Wave Power Park in Oregon". renewableeneregyaccess.com. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
  23. ^ Johnson, Kirk (September 3, 2012). "Project Aims to Harness the Power of Waves". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-9-3.
  24. ^ "Reedsport OPT Wave Park FERC Project No. 12713 Application for a Major License". Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
  25. ^ Jenny Haworth (September 24, 2008). "If Portugal can rule the waves, why not Scotland?". The Scotsman (Edinburgh). Retrieved 2008-10-09.
  26. ^ "Update on EMEC activities, resource description, and characterisation of wave-induced velocities in a tidal flow". Retrieved 2010-12-03.
  27. ^ "Making Waves". Scottish Government. Retrieved 2011-04-07.
  28. ^ Anaconda WEC
  29. ^ Article about Anaconda on physics.org
  30. ^ http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/index.cfm/go/news.display/id/20617 Sustainable Business.com Finavera Renewables To Sell Ocean Energy Division
  31. ^ Stock Markets Review Finavera Renewables To Sell Finavera Renewables Ocean Energy – Quick Facts
  32. ^ Announcement of definitive agreement for sale of Finavera Ocean Energy Limited[dead link]
  33. ^ Finavera To Surrender Wave Energy Permits
  34. ^ FlanSea "optimal for use in southern North Sea"
  35. ^ Image of FlanSea
  36. ^ FlanSea project page
  37. ^ Lewis Smith (November 17, 2008). "Searaser device in uphill battle for clean energy". The Sunday Times (London). Retrieved 2010-11-13.
  38. ^ "Plans for sea energy device Searaser". BBC News. 2012-01-23.
  39. ^ "CETO Overview". carnegiecorp.com.au. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
  40. ^ Stephen Cauchi (October 5, 2008). "New wave of power in renewable energy market". The Age (Melbourne). Retrieved 2008-10-10.
  41. ^ SRI Demonstrates Ocean Wave-Powered Generator off California Coast, SRI International, 08.12.2008
  42. ^ Carolyn Said (December 14, 2008). "Researchers wring energy out of ocean waves". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved November 9, 2010.
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Further reading

  • Cruz, Joao (2008). Ocean Wave Energy – Current Status and Future Prospects. Springer. ISBN 3-540-74894-6., 431 pp.
  • Falnes, Johannes (2002). Ocean Waves and Oscillating Systems. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-01749-1., 288 pp.
  • McCormick, Michael (2007). Ocean Wave Energy Conversion. Dover. ISBN 0-486-46245-5., 256 pp.
  • Twidell, John; Weir, Anthony D.; Weir, Tony (2006). Renewable Energy Resources. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-419-25330-0., 601 pp.

External links

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